Test Taking Tips for Parents to Help Your Kids

With increased emphasis on standardized tests in todays schools, helping a child navigate the demands of taking tests is a necessary task almost every parent has to face. It may be your child taking all the tests, but youre the one who needs to help him through it. Here are some test-taking tips for parents to help you get your child ready. Test Taking Tips For Children Tip #1: Make attendance a priority, especially on days that you know standardized testing will be administered or there is a test in the classroom. Though its important for your child to be in school as many days as possible, making sure hes there when the test is taken helps to ensure he wont lose more learning time because he has to make up a test during school. Tip #2: Make a note of test days on the calendar -- from spelling quizzes to big high-stakes tests. That way both you and your child know whats coming and will be prepared.​​ Tip #3: Look over your childs homework daily and check for understanding. Subjects like science, social studies and math often have cumulative exams at the end of units or chapters. If your child is struggling with something now, it wont be easy for her to have time to try again to learn it just before the test. Tip #4: Avoid pressuring your child and provide him with encouragement. Few children want to fail, and most will try their hardest to do well. Being afraid of your reaction to a bad test grade can increase anxiety, which makes careless mistakes more likely. Tip #5: Confirm that your child will be receiving any pre-determined accommodations during tests. These accommodations are detailed in his IEP or 504 plan. If he doesnt have one but needs some assistance, make sure youve communicated with his teacher about his needs. Tip #6: Set a reasonable bedtime and stick to it. Many parents underestimate the importance of a rested mind and body. Tired children have difficulty focusing and are easily flustered by challenges. Tip #7: Make sure your child has enough time to wake up fully before he has to go to school. Just as rest is important, so is having enough time to get his brain engaged and in gear. If his test is first thing in the morning, he cant afford to spend the first hour of school groggy and unfocused. Tip #8: Provide a high-protein, healthy, low-sugar breakfast for your child. Kids learn better on full stomachs, but if their stomachs are full of sugary, heavy foods that will make them sleepy or slightly queasy, its not much better than an empty stomach. Tip #9: Talk to your child about how the test went, what he did well and what he would have done differently. Think of it as a mini-debriefing or brainstorming session. You can talk about test-taking strategies after the fact as easily as beforehand. Tip #10: Go over the test with your child when he gets it back or when you receive the scores. Together you can look at any mistakes he made and correct them so he knows the information for the next test. After all, just because the test is done doesnt mean he can forget everything he learned! And perhaps most important, watch your child for signs of stress and anxiety, which is an all-too-common occurrence among children today. The stress can be caused not just by tests and test-taking, but by increased academic demands in elementary school as well as increased amounts of homework and decreased time spent on stress-relieving activities and recess. Parents can help by keeping a close eye on their children and stepping in when they see signs of stress.

What Makes A Research For Software Engineering - 1241 Words

The author, Shaw, tries to identify what are some of the better research strategies for research in software engineering in her paper titled, â€Å"What makes good research in software engineering?† By formalizing what is already considered as high quality research, software engineers can better design research processes, aide them in writing quality research papers and also help them read and better understand software engineering research papers. Shaw puts forth the hypothesis that research in software engineering should be characterized by research processes in other science and engineering disciplines which include research questions, results and validation. Highlighting related work, she mentions previous research efforts to characterize†¦show more content†¦Expanding on the model types which serve as results for the research questions, Shaw explains that the analytical model is a structural model providing support for formal analysis, the descriptive model exposes hurdles in decision making in the design phase and the empirical model which is uncommon provides sound statistical data to back it up. The research results proposed are validated using results based on controlled experiment or empirical model. Results validated through experience are generally not accepted. Having identified the three main characteristics of software engineering research, Shaw proposes that research strategies should be created as a combination of the three research characteristics. Shaw validates her proposal by pointing out some of the most common research strategies, as seen in widely accepted publications, follow this template of combination of research questions, results and validation. Some of the most common strategies include proposing new methods for software development which are validated through use cases and analyzing software development through analytical model, which are validated using formal analysis or experience. The author also argues that all major breakthroughs have been built on multiple papers with not enough substantial evidence. Thus, she mentions that software engineering research papers are incrementally progressive, suggesting that

Sex Industry and Prostitution Free Essays

PATTS COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS| Prostitution| Advantage and Disadvantage| | Brian Angelo A. Ong Lo| 07-Mar-13| A business or practice of providing sexual services to another person in return for payment. The person who receives payment for sexual services is called a prostitute or sex worker. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Industry and Prostitution or any similar topic only for you Order Now | Prostitution is the business or practice of providing sexual services to another person in return for payment. The person who receives payment for sexual services is called a prostitute or sex worker, and the person who receives such services is known by a multitude of terms. Prostitution is one of the branches of the sex industry. The legal status of prostitution varies from country to country, from being permissible but unregulated, to a punishable crime or to a regulated profession. Estimates place the annual revenue generated from the global prostitution industry to be over $100 billion. Prostitution is sometimes referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession†. Prostitution occurs in a variety of forms. Brothels are establishments specifically dedicated to prostitution. In escort prostitution, the act may take place at the customer’s residence or hotel room (referred to as out-call), or at the escort’s residence or in a hotel room rented for the occasion by the escort (called in-call). Another form is street prostitution. Sex tourism refers to travelling, typically from developed to underdeveloped nations, to engage in sexual activity with prostitutes. Etymology and terminology â€Å"Prostitute† is derived from the Latin prostituta. Some sources cite the verb as a composition of â€Å"pro† meaning â€Å"up front† or â€Å"forward† and â€Å"situere†, defined as â€Å"to offer up for sale†. Another explanation is that â€Å"prostituta† is a composition of pro and statuere (to cause to stand, to station, place erect). A literal translation therefore is: â€Å"to put up front for sale† or â€Å"to place forward†. The online Etymology Dictionary states, â€Å"The notion of ‘sex for hire’ is not inherent in the etymology, which rather suggests one ‘exposed to lust’ or sex â€Å"indiscriminately offered. † The word â€Å"prostitute† was then carried down through various languages to the present-day Western society. Most sex worker activists groups reject the word â€Å"prostitute† and since the late 1970s have used the term â€Å"sex worker† instead. However, a â€Å"sex worker† can also mean anyone who works within the sex industry or whose work is of a sexual nature and is not limited solely to prostitutes. Other meanings The word â€Å"prostitution† can also be used metaphorically to mean debasing oneself or working towards an unworthy cause or â€Å"selling out†. [9] In this sense, â€Å"prostituting oneself† or â€Å"whoring oneself† the services or acts performed are typically not sexual. History of prostitution The history of prostitution extends to all ancient and modern cultures. It has been described as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession†. Advantage Well, it pays vastly more than other jobs that requires no formal qualifications, skills or previous work experience. Disadvantage Some of the disadvantages of prostitution are that it is dangerous. Disease can be transmitted this way. Some participants are taken advantage. Advantages of prostitution would be the ability for those involved in this activity to make money. How to cite Sex Industry and Prostitution, Essay examples

Social Order v. Personal Freedom Essay Example For Students

Social Order v. Personal Freedom Essay A study of Arthur Millers The Crucible and Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet LetterSince the dawn of time, a struggle has been waged. This battle has been fought inthe courtroom, in society, and especially in the human heart. This is the battle betweensocial order and personal freedom. In Arthur Millers The Crucible and NathanielHawthornes The Scarlet Letter this struggle is superbly illustrated. Personal freedom had long been debated in both early Puritan society, during thetime of The Crucible, and later during the time of The Scarlet Letter. When the Puritansfled England in search of religious freedom, they turned first to the Netherlands. Theproblem was, the Dutch permitted much more freedom than the Puritans could reckonwith. The group wanted freedom of religion, as long it was freedom to practice only thePuritan religion. After a failed attempt back in England, the Puritans were given a grantof land in the New World. In this first real exposure to true personal freedom thePuritans rejected it, and this rejection was to set the tone of their lives in the New World. Even when restrictions on dress, manner, and building standards were relaxed, what aperson could or couldnt do in private was still dictated as strictly as ever by the churchtheocracy. Dancing, not attending church, and fighting were all prohibited by thegovernment. Social order, on the other hand, was paramount in these societies. Often one wasexpected simply to recognize what their duty in maintaining the social order was, and todo it. Laws were so strict that neglecting even a single one was considered disorderly andseverely punished. The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter both deal extensively with the fundamentalclash between the desire for freedom by the individual and the desire for order by themasses. Both works deal with the consequences of extramarital affairs. The Puritansociety considered these liaisons a flagrant disregard of the social order imposed on thecommunity. In both works, the participants in these affairs were ruined, but insignificantly different ways. John Proctor, in The Crucible, dies essentially by his ownhand, exchanging the guilt for a sin which he did not commit for that of a sin he didcommit. Proctor: I cannot mount the gibbet like a saint. It is a fraud. I am not that man. . . . My honesty is broke, Elizabeth; I am no good man. Nothings spoiled bygiving them this lie that were not rotten long before. (page 126). Arthur Dimmesdale, in The Scarlet Letter is ruined by his affair with HesterPrynne. A minister in the community, he finds it nearly impossible to live as a hypocrite,preaching goodness and light, and living with the knowledge that he is not an innocentindividual. Live he does, however, but the strain of his conscious wears away at him. Heloses all joy in life, constantly clutching at his heart under the weight of his sin. Dimmesdale wastes away slowly, fighting the knowledge of his sin, while that sameknowledge eats at his will to live. On that spot, in very truth, there was, and there had long been, the gnawing andpoisonous tooth of bodily pain. Without any effort of his will or power to restrainhimself, he shrieked aloud; an outcry that . . . reverberated . . . as if a company ofdevils, detecting so much misery and terror in it, had made a plaything of thesound . . . (page 144)Each of these two men, having waged an internal battle between social order andpersonal freedom, succumbed to personal freedom, and were destroyed for it in their ownattempts to the right their sins. Although the manners of their deaths were different, bothmen die from guilt after disobeying the social order of the day. .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7 , .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7 .postImageUrl , .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7 , .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7:hover , .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7:visited , .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7:active { border:0!important; } .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7:active , .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7 .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud66abccd43c4119db0cbbd3ea0aa70a7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Essay SummaryBoth The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter deal with a conflict emerges betweenthe two desires when a citizen takes vengeance upon themselves, rather than taking theirgrievances to the law. In The Crucible, Abigail Williams targets John Proctor and hisfamily after he leaves her and ends an affair between the two of them. By taking the lawinto her own hands, Abigail violates the social system of the community, bringing allsemblance of order crashing down around her own personal schemes. This is illustratedby Proctors statement when he attempts to clear his wife of the accusation of witchcraft. Proctor: . . . She Abigail thinks to dance with me on my wifes grave! . . . Godhelp me, I lusted, and there is such a promise in sweat. But it is a whoresvengeance, and you must see it . . . (page 102). In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynnes betrayed husband, Roger Chillingworth,vows vengeance on her and her lover, Arthur Dimmesdale, for their perfidy and disregardfor him. By taking vengeance into his own hands, he circumvents the law and destroysone mans regard for himself in the process. But, as for me, I come to the inquest with other senses than they possess. I shallseek this man. . . . There is a sympathy in him that will make me conscious of him. . . . I shall feel my self shudder, suddenly and unaware. Sooner or later, he mustneeds be mine! (page 80). Once again, the disregard for the social order of the community destroys theavengers. In The Crucible, Parris announces:My niece, sir, my niece Abigail I believe she has vanished. . . . Excellency, Ithink they may be aboard a ship. . . . Tonight I discover my strongbox is brokeinto. (page 174)Legend says Abigail Williams became a prostitute in Boston, ruined by her need todestroy the Proctors. Roger Chillingworths vengeance also proved disastrous. When ReverendDimmesdale confesses, Chillingworths last reason to live is stolen from him. The doctordies one year later, a broken man. During that year, Chillingworth lives under a spoiledreputation, accused of being . . . a potent necromancer, who had caused it the scarletletter to appear through the agency of magic and potent drugs . . . (page 240) to appearon Arthur Dimmesdales breast in the years the two were house-mates. It is said thatduring the year he lived all his vital and intellectual force seemed at once to desert him;insomuch that he positively withered up, shriveled away, and almost vanished frommortal sight, like an uprooted weed that lies wilting in the sun. (page 242). HadChillingworth acknowledged himself as Hesters husband, gone to the authorities of thetown with his suspicions, and generally abided by the rules set forth by society, it isdoubtful that he would have met such an end. By disregarding the order of society,however, he brought only misery and no justice to himself, and the lovers. A conflict, however, is also present between the two pieces on the subject of socialorder and personal freedom. The society of The Scarlet Letter is much less daunting thanthat of The Crucible. The fact that Hesters embroidery was widely in demand denotes aculture far more lenient than that described in The Crucible. Governor Bellinghamsgloves, the scarves Hester embroiders for ladies, and the dress she makes for Pearl are allindications of the beginnings of modern society. Deep ruffs, painfully wrought bands and gorgeously embroidered gloves were alldeemed necessary . . . . In the array of funerals, too, whether for the apparel of thedead body, or to typifiy, by manifold emblematic devices of sable cloth and snowylawn, there was a frequent and characteristic demand . . . . Baby linen, for babiesthen wore robes of state, afforded still another possibility of toil and emolument. .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3 , .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3 .postImageUrl , .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3 , .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3:hover , .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3:visited , .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3:active { border:0!important; } .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3:active , .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3 .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u013ca5b4d72504fe4c1300658c364cf3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Popular Entertainment, Performing Arts Essay(page 86)The festival held on Election Day as described in The Scarlet Letter would havebeen pure heresy to the inhabitants of Salem Village; mariners, granted special license bythe citizens of Boston, would have been expected to conform to Puritan society while onshore had they sailed into Salem. The picture of human life in the market place, though its general tint was the sadgray, brown, or black of the English emigrants, was yet enlivened by somediversity of hue. A party of Indians, in their savage finery of curiouslyembroidered deerskin robes, wampum belts, red and yellow ochre, and feathers . . . . Nor, wild as were these painted barbarians, were they the wildest feature of thescene. This distinction could . . . be claimed by some mariners . . . who had comeashore to see the humors of Election Day. They were rough-looking desperadoeswith sun-blackened faces and an immensity of beard; their wide, short trouserswere confined about the waist by belts, often clasped with a rough plate of goldand sustaining always a long knife, and, in some instances a sword. From beneaththeir broad-brimmed hats of palm leaf gleamed eyes which . . . had a kind ofanimal ferocity. (page 218). In this sense the characters of The Scarlet Letter have a much greater personal freedom,and less strict social order, than do those of The Crucible. The struggle between personal freedom and social order has been fought in everysociety, and in every human heart throughout the ages. The Scarlet Letter and TheCrucible illustrate this struggle superbly, not only granting the reader a glimpse at therestrictions on freedom in place during the Puritan era, but also illustrating the differencebetween the freedoms available in a small village or large town. This struggle continuestoday, with much the same consequences when social order is disregarded as there werethen.

Claudius Essays - Julio-Claudian Dynasty, Claudius, Claudii, Iulii

Claudius Claudius was found hiding behind some balcony curtains by soldiers in the palace after the murder of Caligula by the Praetorian Guard. Instead of seizing and killing him, as Claudius was almost sure they would do, they raised him up on their shoulders and made him emperor! Many writers have depicted Claudius as kind of a befuddled, harmless old man who had been made Emperor so that Romans would have someone in high places to make fun of. In truth, he was an able administrator and ruled well, making many improvements in the government. He gave orders for the conquest of Britain, which the famous Julius Caesar had only invaded and left. The invasion was well planned and carried out. After some of the early battles had been won, he came to Britain to lead the troops in person. Most historians, including Tacitus agree that Claudius desperately needed a few military victories to boost his image amongst the Roman people, and the conquest of Britain made him quite popular in Rome. Much of what contemporary historians wrote about the Roman emperors and their families at that time showed them in an extremely bad light. The passages in Suetonois' Lives of the Caesars read like a modern soap opera. Tacitus deliberately painted the worst picture he could of the imperial families. He longed for the values and government of the old Roman Republic. His attitude was that the only thing good that could be said about the Empire with its overly powerful and autocratic rulers was that it was better than the constant civil wars of the Republican era. Claudius was never very lucky in love. One woman he was to have married died on their wedding day. His last wife, the infamous Messalina, continuously cheated on him, even giving many of their household treasures to her lovers. Claudius was very much in love with her and tried to ignore what was going on. Messalina finally exhausted even Claudius' patience when she married one of her lovers while still married to Claudius. Told by his advisors that this was a direct threat to him as emperor, he sadly signed the order for her execution so eagerly prepared by the men close to him. According to Tacitus, a centurion found her distraught and begging for her life. He offered her a dagger so she could kill herself, a death considered honorable by the Roman aristocracy. When she attempted but could not bring herself to commit suicide, he ran her through with his short sword. Claudius finally ended up marrying Agrippina the Younger, mother of the future emperor Nero. Claudius may have died from an illness but the historians of the period have charged Agrippina with his murder. She supposedly fed him a dish of poisoned mushrooms.

Marketing and Samsung Electronics Samsung Essays

Marketing and Samsung Electronics Samsung Essays Marketing and Samsung Electronics Samsung Essay Marketing and Samsung Electronics Samsung Essay Planning Dream Home road shows. Expanding its sales network. Revamping sales infrastructure. Samsung Marketing Academy  ± set up to train renting sales force and shop demonstrators. Core value: Approach market through technology and design leadership. Launching hi-tech and contemporary products with hazel and speed. Target is not only number driven but also about acquiring and retaining customers. Created a Unique Brand Image for itself as a high end value driven brand. The Samsung Marketing Academy Approach market through technology and design leadership: a slow process. Not targeting the mass market Not spreading the brand all over India OPPORTUNITIES LAG: its slowing down and has not had any product innovation in the last 6-8 months. 6th Indian Mass Market. The high end value driven proposition helps increase the Market Share. Samsung is well known for it product differentiation THREATS Animal Mass Market may De captured Day a rival company, LAG, Oneida, Evidence;etc. The consumer durable industry is not in the best of health. Due to increased price of inputs and continuing price erosion there is downtrend in the consumer durables market. Increased emergence of modern retail chains- a comprehensible as Samsung is investing in building a retail network across the country Any Queries (Everyones invited) THANK YOU

Search engine marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Search engine marketing - Research Paper Example Players in the search engine marketing industry relate to Priceline.com, Rough Guides, Whatsonwhen, Expedia and Lastminute.com. These institutions are re- intermediation and cyber mediation companies that capture significant portions of the market and ensure that new products and services are created (Kennedy & Hauksson, pg.76). They have been modeled to save time and effort for the consumer by ensuring price competitiveness and value added services provision. They contain IDTV models and mobile devices to provide easy interactions with the consumers. Their weakness is that they may be hacked and may contain irrelevant data which is not up to date. They are fast and speedy with regard to information relay. The main question that MediaContact wants answered relates to which channels generate more revenues and which channels bring the highest online reviews (Kennedy & Hauksson, pg.89). To address this issue, an analysis and review of the channels can be carried out so as to determine the most profitable channels as well as the

Crude Oil Transport System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Crude Oil Transport System - Essay Example Size is not everything, so the physical character of bulk goods is not the only factor that controls how it is transported. Whilst both definitions describe identical goods and commodities (crude oil, grain, iron ore, coal, automobiles), the first focuses on how these are handled and transported, and the second highlights the economic goal of bringing down costs with properly designed systems that transport the goods from the source to its destination. Bulk goods can be reclassified (Stopford, 1997) according to their physical state, liquid (crude oil) or dry (major bulks like iron ore, minor bulks like forest products), or how they are handled (liquid, homogeneous, unit load, wheeled, and refrigerated). This definition closely associates bulk goods with the type of ship used to transport them. The second definition (economics) considers sea transport and handling of bulk goods as only one part of the transport system supply chain that extends from the extraction of the raw materials, their storage before, during, and after sea transport, and delivery to a location for processing (as in a crude oil refinery) or sale (to other buyers of crude oil). This paper focuses on the Crude Oil Transport System for three reasons the author finds interesting: first, amongst all the bulk goods, international trade in crude oil is the largest in terms of volume, value, and shipping capacity; second, the global transport system is entirely dependent on the crude oil transport system (Greene, 2005); and third, crude oil has unique economic, social, and political factors worth discussing. Â  

Unemployment within the labour market is primarily voluntary. Discuss Essay - 1

Unemployment within the labour market is primarily voluntary. Discuss - Essay Example ves mismatches between the demand and supply of laborers with the necessary skill set; it is encouraged by the disruptive technologies and the globalization. The classical and neoclassical economics focuses more on how rigid the labor market entails from the outside, for instance, minimum wage laws, unionization, taxes, and other policies that may put off the hiring of workers. People take unemployment as mostly bad because of voluntary choices by the unemployed and the period it takes to get a new work. Unemployment can come as a result of efficiency wages and sticky wages. Measuring unemployment is different depending on the country; they experience different levels of unemployment. Voluntary unemployment attributes to the personal decisions. Keynes theory argues that the neo-classical economic theory was not applicable during the recession because of private sector apprehension and over saving. Consequently people were thrown out of job involuntary and cannot get another acceptance for employment opportunity (Arestis 2002, p, 174). The neoclassical and Keynesian theories conflict has had a strong influence on the government policy. The purpose of the government is to eliminate and restrain unemployment through an increase in the government jobs and benefits. Government should take the step of encouraging the job seeker to both consider relocation to a new town and new careers. Involuntary unemployment does not exist in developing societies but urban cities such as India or Pakistan and mega cities of Africa (Hammer 2003, p. 220). The countries such as this, unemployed personnel should meet their survival needs at any price, getting a new job, becoming an entre preneur or amalgamating the alternative economy of the hustler. The labor market is not that sure in the sense of the word; this is because there is always some unemployment. Labor market is very special to those who make a difference between non clearing and market clearing. Human transaction takes place

Ethics Of Should Abortion Be Legal Philosophy Essay

Ethics Of Should Abortion Be Legal Philosophy Essay Remember a long time ago when women died because they could not or did not want to have an infant and they attempted to terminate their pregnancy by themselves or with the help of other unprofessional? Should abortion be legal? Do you believe in Pro-Life or Pro-Choice? What do you do when circumstances come about that is not of your control or wiliness? I believe that both pro-life and pro-choice viewpoints have valid arguments.  These are the questions that we will examine briefly and what has happen since it became legal in the Roe vs. Wade Supreme Court decision case of 1973. It is important to know all that is involved with abortion before you can make a rational choice. It is not whether it should be legal, but when it should be allowed. Abortion allows women to have the choice and can save thousands of lives of women that have tried to do it on their own. I feel that it should be legal, but only to an extent. That is what pro-choice is all about. Pro-choice is the position that also is known as pro-abortion In the United States and in China, where law requires sometimes abortion and it is also known as anti-abortion. The purpose of the pro-choice movement is to ensure that all choices remain legal. The movement argues that a human person cannot be proven, prior to the point of viability and the government does not have the right to impede a womans right to decide whether to continue a pregnancy.(Head, 2010 )   Ã‚   I do not believe in permitting abortions after ten to twelve weeks of pregnancy, because at that time is when a fetus can represent potential life.   Now do not get me wrong, I still think that we should dissuaded women from abortion, and that we should be taking more measures to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Last year over 15,000, women had abortions because of rape, incest, health or just unwanted pregnancies. Most circumstances have come about that is not of your their own control or wiliness. It is because of the Roe vs. Wade case of 1973, states that a woman and her doctor can decide when and if to abort a pregnancy but only during the first trimester. After that, the government can restrict abortion to protect the viability of the fetus. This preserves our constitutional right under our privacy rights (Roe v. Wade , 1973). In addition, another thing we do not think about that how it affects by most of the population is the ignorance when it comes to a very serious illness of mental retardation. About three percent of the people that are considered as mentally retarded and some people have adopted many slang terms, one such as retard to insult them. A lot people do not understand about their mental disabilities and so this is their way of calling them stupid, but really, they are stupid within themselves because they do not understand. Mental retardation is a term used when someone has limitations in their mental functioning and these limitations cause a child to learn and develop slower than an ordinary individual or in some cases, dont develop at all (123HelpMe.com/76990, 2010). I believe in a combination of both pro-life and pro-choice viewpoints. This brings us to the pro-life choice that does not believe that the woman has any rights to have an abortion, no matter what the circumstances are. What they are saying is that they are taking away a womans right to freedom of choice.   A woman should have the right to choose if she wants to have an abortion. They do not think about the consequences of having a child that is not wanted or as some people call them forgotten children. Pro-Life says that the government has the right or the obligation to preserve all human life. In the Catholic Church and other similar groups also prohibits, Euthanasia and assisted suicide, the death penalty and War, with only a few exceptions. In cases where the pro-life ethnic conflicts with the personal autonomy, as in the cases of abortion and assisted suicide, it is conservative. In The cases of ethic, where the pro-life have conflicts with the government policy, as in the cas e of the death penalty and war, it is liberal(Head, 2010 ). Pro-lifers also do not believe in teaching sex education; where pro-choice believes that, we should educate our children on how to handle and in the consequences that fails with proceeding with their urges that they will have in their coming of age years. The primarily conflict of pro-life and pro-choice movements are on the issues of abortion. Pro-life argues that it protects the unborn human life by the government and should not be legal, also that it is murder to abort. Have you ever looked up the definition of murder? It states that when pro-life activists call abortion murder, they are suggesting that abortion fits the definition, namely, illegal killing with malice aforethought. However, this definition fails for two reasons. First, is that abortions are not illegal and secondly, mothers hardly feel malice towards their own unborn children (123HelpMe.com/9909, 2010). The Bible, especially in the Old Testament of Deuteronomy or Exodus, there are laws that command that people be killed for lots of ridiculous reasons. There are countless examples of mass murders commanded by God including the murder of women, infants, and children. The following are a very small amount of the passages approving of murder in the Bible. They are divided into three parts: 1) Capital Punishment Crimes, 2) Gods Murders for Stupid Reasons, 3) Murdering Children, and 4) Miscellaneous Murders. This list is long, but it barely scratches the surface of all the murders approved of in the Bible.(123HelpMe.com/78161, 2010) In conclusion, the arguments of the pro-choice and pro-life movements are both valid arguments, with the evidence that the Bible, with some exceptions, that every child should be born wanted, supports abortion. Under the right circumstances, abortion should be legal with the right medical care and in the proper time and way. Know body has the right to say in the case of a rape or incest whether you have to keep the unborn child. Alternatively, that the unborn child has to come into the world with this hanging over their head from the start. This was because of a malicious act was done and not of your own choice, but therefore neither you nor the child should be penalized for it. These happens so often in cases of pro-life and say for instance, a twelve year old girl is victim of rape that as a result of it becomes pregnant. This has already ruined that girl in the trauma that she has to overcome that has happen to them. Those circumstances is not written of the laws that prohibit abo rtions. Nor are the mothers that might die if they proceed with their pregnancies. Is that not taking one life for another? The only difference would be that one is breathing, where the other has not done so yet. In 1973 in a review of the CSA Discovery Guides, the Ragsdale litigation led a case to the most significant judicial ruling since Roe that resulted in a settlement in which plaintiffs secured the right to a legal clinic abortion during the first 18 weeks of pregnancy. Although, a similar law today might well survive constitutional scrutiny, the case was settled to the satisfaction of pro-choice advocates (Mezey, Susan Gluck; Tatalovich, Raymond; Walsh, Michael, 1994). This at least gives the child and us a chance to do what is best for all. We have enough forgotten children in the world that if we can prevent just one unhappy child or tormented soul, they will bless us all. I still believe the best way is to be careful in the first place and stop before we have to make the choice.

Hamlets Grief :: essays research papers

The Grieving of Hamlet Although many different positions could be taken on writing an essay for this Shakespearian play, the author took it upon himself to write about Hamlet’s grief. His grief is obvious from the beginning of the play and he continues to grieve althroughout the play. Within his twenty-one-page essay, I chose this line to represent that I agree with his outlook on the play. â€Å"†¦his focus is on his grief and the profound impact in which the ghost has upon it. (Hamlet pg.18 paragraph 3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I strongly agree with this statement because Hamlet is continually showing huge amounts of grief throughout the play. Even in his opening words in the play he shows some amount of grief to his uncle, the new king, and his mother. His mother basically says that his father is dead, and that there is no bringing him back. So what good does it do for him to weep and mourn? Hamlet replies to this by saying: Seems madam nay it is! I know not seems ‘Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother, Not customary suit of solemn black. Not windy suspiration of forc’d breath, No, nor the fruitful rover pf the eye, Nor the dejected haviour of the visage, Together with all forms, moods, shapes, of grief, That can denote me truly. These, indeed seems, For they are actions that a man might play; But I have that with in which passes show--- These but the trappings and the suits of woe. (1,2,76-78) Clearly this shows Hamlet grieving his father’s death while showing hostility to the king and queen for being so deathly cold about the previous king’s death. Also the readers can also see in Hamlet’s opening dialogue, it shows that he still has not come to terms with his father’s death and is still in the state of shock when we first see him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All throughout the play Hamlet mourns the loss of his father, especially since his father is appearing to him as a ghostly figure telling him to avenge his death, and throughout the play it sets the stage and shows us how he is plotting to get back at the assassinator. Such an instance where the ghost appears to Hamlet is when Hamlet and his mother are in her bedchamber where the ghost will make his last appearance. Hamlet tells his mother to look where the ghost appears but she cannot see it because he is the only one who that has the ability to see him.

Contemporary Symmetric Ciphers

Jordan University of Science and Technology Computer Engineering Department Cryptography & Network Security CPE (541) HW#5 Contemporary Symmetric Ciphers (Double-DES, Triple-DES & Blowfish) Supervised by: Dr Loai Tawalbeh Eng. Sulaiman Al-Basheer Simsam R. Hijjawi 20022171043 Review Problems: 6. 1 What is the triple encryption? It is a three-stages encryption with three different keys, to avoid costly requirements arises from using three different keys with total length of 3Ãâ€"56 = 186 bits a triple encryption with two keys maybe used. 6. 2 What is the meet in the middle attack?It's that attack doesn't depend on any particular property of the DES, instead, it will work against any type of block ciphers. For the double-DES cipher & a given (P,C) pair, this attack works as follow: 1. Encrypt the plaintext P with all possibilities of K1, store the results in a table, & sort that table by the value of X. 2. Decrypt C with all possible values of K2, check each resulted value with the en tries in the table, in case of match, check these two keys against another known pair (P1,C1), if match, accept them as the correct keys. 6. Why is the middle portion of 3DES is a decryption rather than an encryption ? 1. It's a decryption process in order to change the traditional nature of the DES, if it's an encryption, it'll stay a DES but with longer key size. 2. In the cryptography, there is no significance of using the decryption in the middle stage, the only advantage of doing so is to allow users of 3DES to decrypt data encrypted by the users of the older single DES ( C = Ek1[Dk2[Ek1[P]]] = Ek1[P]. Suppose that the middle portion is decryption instead of encryption, ( C = Ek1[Ek2[Ek1[P]]]The previous assumption in equation 1 will not be ever met. On the other hand 3. If an encryption process is done instead of decryption the meet-in-the-middle attack becomes possible. 6. 6 What primitive operations are used in Blowfish? †¢ Addition: Addition the words, it is performed modulo 2^32. †¢ Bitwise exclusive-OR. Problems: 6. 1 For the two design approaches introduced in the textbook, which is the preferred in the followings: Note: the suggested block cipher in my considerations below is DES. security. The single loop compact approach â€Å"single CBC loop† is more secure, this is because the EDE block contains the encryption function C = E k1[D k2[Ek1[P]]] without simplifications, this makes the cryptanalysis like differential attack more difficult than doing it on a simple loop with encryption or decryption process because each loop in the second approach appears like a simple DES that may be attacked alone in a chosen plain-text attack i. e. differential attack. – performance.The second 3 simple approach is the preferred from the performance wise point of view, this is because each block in each loop contains either encryption or decryption processes so it is faster than the first approach. But as I mentioned above, it is more vulne rable to cryptanalysis than the first approach because each loop is a single DES with differential attack possibility. We can also distinguish between the two approaches based on error propagation. 6. 2 Can you suggest security improvements to either option, using three DES chips & some number of XOR functions? Assume you are still limited to two keys.Changing the mode sounds a good solution: 1. For the first approach that contain only a single independent loop, using Counter mode seems to be simpler, because we deal with counters that less longer than plain texts & have no linear or statistical relationship, this may increase the performance of the 3DES in this case. 2. For the second approach, the dependency between stages prevents using the counter mode as an enhancement, a more secure mode is required in this case, using the CFB may eliminate the possibility of differential cryptanalysis because chosen plain text attack is not worth. . 4 Demonstrate that the blowfish decryption is the inverse of the blowfish encryption. Taking in consideration the following: The decryption process is applied in the same direction as the encryption but with reverse order use of the sub keys. Encryption: 1. Assume the following plain text P with E-PL0 & E-PR0 portions. 2. After the ith round, the output of that round will be E-PRi = E-PLi Xor Pi †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (1) E-PLi = F [E-PRi] Xor E-PRi-1 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (2) 3. The cipher text will be: E-PR17 = E-PL16 Xor P18 E-PL17 = E-PR16 Xor P17 C = E-PR17 + E-PL17†³+ sign is a concatenation†It will be the input of the decryption algorithm which is the same as the encryption algorithm but with reverse order key fashion. Decryption: 1. Assume the following cipher text C with D-CL0 & D-CR0 portions. 2. After the ith round, the output of that round will be D-CRi = D-CLi Xor P19-I †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (3) D-CLi = F [D-CRi] Xor D-CRi-1 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (4) 3. the outputs of equation # 1 & equation # 3 and equation # 2 & equation # 4 are the same for each round, this implies the reversibility in the blowfish algorithm between the encryption & the decryption algorithms.

Anthropology 101 Research Paper

Komron Sabbagh Prof. Rowe Anthropology 101 March 25, 2013 Elderly Human â€Å"Y† Chromosome The unearthing and examination of a tremendously infrequent African American â€Å"Y† chromosome goes back in time with regards to the most recent common ancestor for the â€Å"Y† chromosome ancestry to 338,000 years ago. This period exists even older than the age of the most eldest known structurally contemporary human fossils.University of Arizona geneticists have revealed the most ancient known hereditary subdivision of the human â€Å"Y† chromosome — the genetic factor which determines the male sex. The new differing pedigree, which was discovered in a male human being who presented his DNA to â€Å"Family Tree DNA†, a company which concentrates on DNA investigation to locate family roots, separated from the â€Å"Y† chromosome tree before the very first presence of physically current individuals in the record of fossils. These effects are p rinted in the American Journal of Human Genetics.Michael Hammer of the University of Arizona’s department of ecology and evolutionary biology stated that, â€Å"Our analysis indicates this lineage diverged from previously known Y chromosomes about 338,000 ago, a time when anatomically modern humans had not yet evolved. This pushes back the time the last common Y chromosome ancestor lived by almost 70 percent. † Dissimilar to the added human chromosomes, the common â€Å"Y† chromosome doesn’t barter heritable information with other chromosomes; this makes it a lot more straightforward and scientists can truly discover familial associations amid modern ancestries.If two â€Å"Y† chromosomes transmit an identical mutation, it is most likely since they divide a communal forefather at some particular period in the precedent. The further mutations which differ amongst two Y chromosomes, the farther back in history the mutual antecedent existed. Initially , a DNA sample acquired from an African American existing in South Carolina was succumbed to the National Geographic Genographic Project. When none of the hereditary indicators used to dispense ancestries to identified â€Å"Y† chromosome consortiums were found, the DNA sample was guided to â€Å"Family Tree DNA† for organizing.Fernando Mendez, who is a postdoctoral scholar in Hammer's laboratory, controlled the attempt to investigate the DNA sequence, which comprised of over 240,000 base pairs of the Y chromosome. Hammer claimed that â€Å"the most striking feature of this research is that a consumer genetic testing company identified a lineage that didn't fit anywhere on the existing Y chromosome tree, even though the tree had been constructed based on perhaps a half-million individuals or more. Nobody expected to find anything like this. At around 300,000 years ago; this was the period of time in which the Neanderthals are thought to have fragmented from the famili al human descent. It was not until more than 100,000 years in the future that functionally recent humans seem to be in the fossil record. They vary from the more antiquated forms by a more frivolously constructed skeleton; this includes a lesser face pushed underneath a tall forehead, the lack of a cranial ridge and slighter chins. Hammer stated that the recently exposed â€Å"Y† chromosome dissimilarity is tremendously occasional.Through the use of great databank explorations, his group ultimately was capable of discovering a comparable chromosome in the Mbo, which is a populace living in a petite region of western Cameroon in the sub-Saharan part of Africa. â€Å"This was surprising because previously the most diverged branches of the Y chromosome were found in traditional hunter-gatherer populations such as Pygmies and the click-speaking KhoeSan, who are considered to be the most diverged human populations living today.Instead, the sample matched the Y chromosome DNA of 1 1 men, who all came from a very small region of western Cameroon,† Hammer explains. â€Å"And the sequences of those individuals are variable, so it's not like they all descended from the same grandfather. † Hammer restraints against prevalent notions of â€Å"mitochondrial Eve† or â€Å"Y chromosome Adam† which propose that all of humanity was derived from precisely one couple of individuals that lived at a particular point in human biological evolution. There has been too much emphasis on this in the past,† Hammer says. â€Å"It is a misconception that the genealogy of a single genetic region reflects population divergence. Instead, our results suggest that there are pockets of genetically isolated communities that together preserve a great deal of human diversity. † Nevertheless, Hammer explains that, â€Å"It is likely that other divergent lineages will be found, whether in Africa or among African-Americans in the U. S. and that some of t hese may further increase the age of the Y chromosome ree. † He further clarifies: â€Å"There has been a lot of hype with people trying to trace their Y chromosome to different tribes, but this individual from South Carolina can say he did it. † The investigation originated by the mutual labors of a private business, the â€Å"Family Tree DNA,† the struggles of a resident scientist, Bonnie Schrack, and the research proficiencies at the UA. â€Å"Human Y Chromosome Much Older Than Previously Thought. † ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 04 Mar. 2013. Web. 26 Mar. 2013.

Free Essays on Morality As A Community Affair

As Americans we hone a set of individual, community, and national morals that have a great affect on the world. Morals can be described as our conscience’s, our values, and our beliefs. How we decipher what is right or wrong also comes from our morals. Our feelings on a subject and our behaviors are actions of our values. Not only do our morals affect us as individuals but Amitai Etzioni tells us that our morals affect our communities as well. In Etzioni’s book Morality as a Community Affair he tells us that we belong to many communities which can be defined as a place where we interact with other people like at work, our neighborhood, or even bigger our nation. With in these communities we belong to , we have moral voices that set the basic rules we live by. Etzioni believes American communities today have a weak moral voice due to a fear of speaking up. He tells us that this is a problem that we must correct. Etzioni says that as an individual our conscience alone is not enough to change this weak moral voice, so we much get help and support from people with in our communities. It takes both of our individual morals and our neighbors influence to create this strong moral voice. Most people’s conscience’s are neither there when we are born or self-enforcing. We develop our morals from communities in which we are born. Later as we grow older we create our own versions of the values and morals we already had (515). We find and provide reinforcement for our morals to our fellow human beings, through the community. Our family and community are the basic building blocks and preservers of our nations’ value and ethical system. We belong to many communities which criss-cross each other and affect one another. Etzioni describes the overlapping of our communities as a Chinese nesting box, where our smaller communities (family and neighbors) are nestled with in larger ones (local villages and t... Free Essays on Morality As A Community Affair Free Essays on Morality As A Community Affair As Americans we hone a set of individual, community, and national morals that have a great affect on the world. Morals can be described as our conscience’s, our values, and our beliefs. How we decipher what is right or wrong also comes from our morals. Our feelings on a subject and our behaviors are actions of our values. Not only do our morals affect us as individuals but Amitai Etzioni tells us that our morals affect our communities as well. In Etzioni’s book Morality as a Community Affair he tells us that we belong to many communities which can be defined as a place where we interact with other people like at work, our neighborhood, or even bigger our nation. With in these communities we belong to , we have moral voices that set the basic rules we live by. Etzioni believes American communities today have a weak moral voice due to a fear of speaking up. He tells us that this is a problem that we must correct. Etzioni says that as an individual our conscience alone is not enough to change this weak moral voice, so we much get help and support from people with in our communities. It takes both of our individual morals and our neighbors influence to create this strong moral voice. Most people’s conscience’s are neither there when we are born or self-enforcing. We develop our morals from communities in which we are born. Later as we grow older we create our own versions of the values and morals we already had (515). We find and provide reinforcement for our morals to our fellow human beings, through the community. Our family and community are the basic building blocks and preservers of our nations’ value and ethical system. We belong to many communities which criss-cross each other and affect one another. Etzioni describes the overlapping of our communities as a Chinese nesting box, where our smaller communities (family and neighbors) are nestled with in larger ones (local villages and t...

To what extent was there a step change in Britains relationship with Essay

To what extent was there a step change in Britains relationship with the EU in 1997 - Essay Example Unfortunately, half a century later, the EU term does not consist of all European states. The EU is a supranational organisation, this means that it is made up of other countries. Countries that choose to become members make a major sacrifice to forego some of their national sovereignty in order to agree on social, political and economic policies which are of common interest.2 At this juncture it would be prudent to note that the EU is more superior to its member states. This is evidenced by the member states’ laws and national policies which are equally bound by the EU institutions and regulations. Ironically though, the theoretical basis for the EU was provided by the then British Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill yet it is them who have lagged behind in actualising European integration3. Due to the country’s historical, traditional and institutional background, it has found it extremely difficult to link both its domestic and European policies. Since time in memorial, Britain was never keen on intergrating with other countries in Europe. It always isolated itself and even in the 1950s while other European countries such as Italy, France and Germany, joined into a single market in coal and steel, which was then termed the Common Market. This is the modern day European Union (EU). Britain however succumbed to the insurmountable pressure and eventually joined, this was in 1973. Their decision to join was however due to being forced by circumstances. Europe seemed to be where the money was and not being a part of it was tantamount to cutting your nose to spite your face. The British are still yet to change their mentality over their inclusion in the EU, they view it as a marriage of convinience, as it helps them in carrying out their transactions. The Thatcher government for instance was opposed to the rapid integration of the European markets. She was also

Performance Appraisal Systems in Human Resource Management Research Paper - 1

Performance Appraisal Systems in Human Resource Management - Research Paper Example The beauty and challenge of managing organisations are achieving unity in diversity towards a collective goal. In this context, control becomes inevitable in the organisation because without it, the organisation will forfeit itself, as the organisation is a pre-determined social order collectively working towards one goal achieved through controlled performance (Buchanan & Huczynski 1997, quoted ‘What is an organisation?’ n.d: 1). With employees at the centre of the organisation, productivity can only be achieved if and only if employees perform efficiently and effectively. In this context, human resources mean â€Å"the traits that people bring to the workplace [organisation] – intelligence, aptitude, commitment, tacit knowledge and skills, and ability to learn† (Javed 2009: 3). And one of the many old ways management achieves this is through performance appraisal. Performance appraisal can be historically traced back to Fredrick Winslow Taylor’s pioneering studies of Time and Motion, but as a system management tool for evaluating employees’ performance, it really dates back to World War II (Steel Authority of India Ltd. 2008: 3), yet, it has become an integral part of the life of organisation, that has continually evolved until today trying to respond to the rapidly changing times and needs. Having a strong impact on employees’ working lives, performance appraisal has become not only an issue dividing management and employees into two contending sides but also a favourite topic of debate among theorists and practitioners.